『動物急救基礎課程』講座

『動物急救基礎課程』講座由寵樂園動物福利協會贊助
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課程講師
李恒年獸醫 (Dr. Alex Li) CAU 獸醫診所首席醫生。
1990年畢業於台灣大學獲獸醫醫學士學位，擁有超過10年行醫經驗，經驗豐富。

Dr. Alex LI
USA ECSI Certified Instructor
課程輔助資料由李恒年獸醫團隊籌劃

 課程內容: 中毒處理、中暑處理、日常生活動物急救應用等0。
上課地點:九龍旺角彌敦道707-713號銀高國際大廈5字樓
(場地所限，請勿帶同寵物上堂)

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Pet First Aid Basic

Is there a chance a friendly pet will bite under stress?

Personal Safety Topics
- Reading body language
- Muzzling
- Restraints
- Moving and transporting animals
- Watch for environmental dangers
- Approach animal slowly, from the side
- Avoid direct eye contact
- Be mindful of animal's body language
- Exotic pets may require skilled handlers

Reading a Dog's Body Language
﹒Fearful Dogs
　- Ears back
　- May crouch with head down
　- Tail may be down or tucked
　- Fur may be raised
　- May snarl or growl
﹒Aggressive Dogs
　- Stand to face you directly
　- Ears erect
　- Body stiff
　- Tail stiff, twitching rapidly

﹒Submissive Dogs
　- Hunker low to ground
　- May Urinate
　- May reveal stomach
　- May bite
　- Remain cautious!

Reading a Cat's Body
﹒Friendly Cats
　- Ears up
　- Mouth closed
　- Tail up, may "swish"
　- Unpredictable
﹒Wary or Aggressive Cats
　- Crouched or "Halloween"pose
　- Flat ears
　- Wide eyes
　- Whiskers forward
　- Hiss, spit, growl

Caution!
- Unless properly trained, do not attempt to capture an aggressive animal
- Call your local animal control authorities for assistance

Restraint: Standing Dogs
- Arm around animal's neck to control head
- Arm under/over dog and hold it firmly against your body
- Do not add pressure to an injury
- Do not restrict breathing or blood flow

Restraint: Sitting Dogs
- Stand or kneel behind dog
- Use hands to control head
- Keep face away from animal's head

Restraint: Lying Dogs
- Restrain its head with your forearm
- Use hands to hold dog's lower legs down

Restraint: Cats
- Grab by scruff of the neck
- Hold back feet securely with other hand
- Lay cat on side
- Grasp scruff and stretch cat gently, using forearm to brace cat's back
- Hold back feet securely with other hand
- Covering a cat's face often has a calming effect

- "Kitty burrito"
- Towel/blanket
- Wrap body leaving only face uncovered

Muzzles
‧Commercial
　- Required for cats
　- Recommended for flat-faced dog breeds
‧Makeshift
　- Gauze
　- Panty hose
　- Leash

Applying Muzzles

Muzzles：Caution
Do not muzzle if animal：
- Is coughing
- Is having difficulty breathing
- Is vomiting
- Has head or facial trauma

Elizabethan Collar
An Elizabethan collar can be used：
‧For biting animals
　- Dog
　- Cat
‧When using a muzzle would be inappropriate

Moving / Transporting
‧Think about muzzling first!
‧Assess patient: Do no harm!
　- Consider Injuries
　　‧Spinal
　　‧Head
　　‧Neck

‧Transportation
　- Crate
　- Carried
　- Stretcher
　　‧Blanket
　　‧Board
　　‧Pillowcase: Cats

Rabies
‧Fatal disease
‧Transmitted through
　- Animal bites
　- Saliva
　- Direct contact with body fluids
‧Health laws
　- 10-day quarantine
　- Testing requires brain tissue
　- ALWAYS seek medical attention if bitten

Pet First Aid Kit
‧Options
　- Customize human first aid kit
　- Purchase prepackaged pet first aid kit
　- Build Custom kit
　　‧Species
　　‧Breed

On the Scene
‧Think safety!
‧Any injured animal may bite
‧Move pet from imminent danger
‧Get assistance if available
‧Quick assessment may save your pet's life!
‧Control bleeding
　- Direct pressure
‧Transport to veterinarian or emergency clinic
　- Use caution when moving patient
　- Call ahead
　- Drive safely

Shock
‧Definition
　- Insufficient circulation to vital organs
‧Symptoms
　- Increased heart rate
　- Increased respiratory rate
　- Decreased temperature
　- Decreased pulse quality
‧Mucous membranes
　- Red or pale
‧Capillary refill time
　- Slow
‧Treatment
　- Provide warmth (blanket)
　- Elevate hind legs

Common Pet Emergencies
‧Bite wounds
‧Bleeding wounds
‧Bloat(Gastric dilatation-volvulus or GDV)
‧Burns
‧Cardiac arrest
‧Choking
‧Hyper / hypothermia
‧Poisoning
‧Trauma
‧Vomiting / diarrhea

Bite Wounds：Fighting Animals
‧Maintain clam
　- Do not shout or strike
‧Spray with water
　- Very effective with cats
　- With dogs, aim for face

CAUTION：Never place yourself between two fighting animals!

‧Drag animals apart
　- Choose most aggressive
　- Lift back legs off ground and drag backwards
‧Wedge chair or other object between dogs
‧Paper spray and other irritants are unpredictable

Bite Wounds：Treatment
‧Action
　- Flush the wound with sterile saline solution
　- If eye injury, cover with cool, moist cloth
‧Be mindful of puncture wounds
　- Monitor for signs of infection
　- Damage may be more extensive than readily apparent

Bleeding Wounds
‧Potential causes
　- Accidents
　- Bite wounds
　- Lacerations
‧Life threatening vs. stable
　- Arterial bleeding
　- Chest wall
　- Head wounds
‧Action
　- Control bleeding
　　‧Direct pressure
　　‧Bandage wound
　　‧Tourniquets not recommended
‧Evaluate patient
‧Watch for signs of shock
‧Take animal to a veterinarian

Hypothermia
‧Possible causes
　- Extended walks in snow and ice
　- Left unprotected in the elements
‧Symptoms
　- Cold to touch
　- Shivering
　- Shallow respirations
　- Slow pulse
‧Action
　- Recognize warning signs
　- Take temperature
　- Warm your pet
　- Take pet to veterinarian
‧Warming techniques
　- Wrap in blanket
　- Hot packs

Hyperthermia
‧Possible causes
　- Locked in hot car
　- Over-exercising on hot day
　- Insufficient water intake
　- Left outdoors without shade
‧Symptoms
　- Rapid breathing / heart rate
　- Dry mouth and nose
　- Dull, gray, or reddened gums
　- Generalized weakness
‧Action
　- Recognize warning signs
　- Take temperature
　- Cool your pet
　- Take pet to veterinarian
‧Cooling techniques
　- Alcohol on pads
　- Ice
　- Cool water
　- Fan

Avoiding Heat and Cold Exposure
‧Provide adequate shelter for your pets
‧Provide plenty of water
‧Bring pets indoors during extreme temperatures
‧Check temperature of pavement when walking your pet
‧Use pet-friendly sun block

Poisoning
‧Potential causes
　- Exposure to toxic substance of plant
　　‧Ingestion
　　‧Inhalation
　　‧Dermal contact
　　‧Bites or stings
‧Symptoms
　- Stupor
　- Seizures
　- Increased heart / respiratory rate
‧Action
　- Recognize signs of poisoning
　- Identify the poison
　- Call animal Clinic for Help
　- Follow instructions given
　- Collect samples
　- Transport to veterinarian

Common Toxic Foods
‧Alcohol
‧Caffeine
‧Chocolate
‧Grapes
‧Onions
‧Raisins
‧Tea

Dangerous Household Products
‧Antifreeze
‧Batteries
‧Herbicides
‧Insecticides
‧Iron
‧Cleaning supplies

Toxic Plants
‧Plants that affect cardiac (heart) function
　- Lily of the valley
　- Oleander
　- Rhododendron
　- Azalea
　- Yew
　- Foxglove

‧Plants that affect renal (kidney) function
　- Rhubarb leaves
　- Shamrock
　- Lilies
‧Plants that affect hepatic (liver) function
　- Sago palms
　- Cycad palms
　- Some species of mushrooms

Deadly Drugs
‧Acetaminophen
‧Antidepressants
‧Cocaine
‧Ibuprofen
‧Marijuana

Spider Bites
‧Poisonous
　- Black widow
　- Brown recluse
‧Action
　- Recognize signs of bites
　- Identify the spider if possible
　- Take pet to veterinarian

Insect Stings
‧Stings can be painful and cause swelling
‧Monitor for allergic / toxic reaction
‧Action
　- Recognize the signs
　- Remove stinger
　- Soothe the sting
　　‧Cold compress
　　‧Meat tenderizer
　- Call veterinarian

Trauma
‧Potential causes
　- Hit by car
　- Abuse
　- Falling
　- Gunshot
‧Blunt vs. puncture
　- Consider internal trauma
　- Assess injury
‧Action
　- Evaluate the scene
　- Control bleeding
　- Administer CPR if necessary
　- Check for shock
　- Take animal to veterinarian

Eye Emergencies
‧Laceration
‧Proptosis
　- Trauma
　- Excessive restraint
　- Can lead to blindness
‧Cover eye with warm, wet cloth
‧Take animal to veterinarian

Swallowing Foreign Objects
‧Large objects can develop complete obstruction
　- Perforated bowel
‧Signs
　- Decreased appetite
　- Vomiting
　- Diarrhea
　- Hunched posture

Vomiting and / or Diarrhea
‧Causes
　- Dietary indiscretion
　- Liver disease
　- Pancreatitis
　- Parvovirus
　- Eating foreign objects

Vomiting and / or Diarrhea：Treatment
‧Monitor pet closely
‧Rest the Gl tract
‧Call veterinarian

CAUTION：Dry heaving can indicate bloat!

Bloat
‧Affects large breeds
　- Great Dane
　- St. Bernard
　- Doberman
　- German Shepherd
‧Cause：unknown
　- Exercise following ingestion of large amounts of food or water

Bloat：Treatment
‧Action
　- Recognize warning signs
　　‧Restlessness
　　‧Inability to sit of lie comfortably
　　‧Stomach distention
　　‧Nonproductive retching
‧Transport animal to veterinarian immediately

The ABCs
A = Airway
B = Breathing
C = Circulation and cardiac compressions

Key Concepts
‧Understand the risks in your area
‧Make a personal disaster plan
‧Communicate with family, friends, and neighbors about your plan
‧Assemble and maintain a disaster kit